Family |
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum
L.
Raphanus raphanistrum L.
First published in Sp. Pl.: 669 (1753).
(Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie, vol. 2, p. 118, Pl. XLV, 4; 1970)
Description
Life-form & habit: Annual with a slender root and an erect, variably bristly stem, 15–80 cm tall, often branching from the base.
Leaves: Lower leaves stalked and deeply lyrate-pinnately divided, with 2–7 pairs of lateral segments and wavy-crenate margins. Middle leaves have 2–3 pairs of segments; the uppermost are linear.
Inflorescence & flowers: Loose, elongating racemes bear 10–25 flowers. Pedicels 1–2 cm long, reaching 3 cm in fruit. Erect sepals 7–11 mm, yellowish or reddish; petals 16–24 mm, white or pale yellow with violet or brown-violet veins.
Fruit: Spreading or ascending, almost cylindrical siliques, 2–12.5 cm long and 2–6 mm wide. The short lower segment is usually sterile. The upper part has 2–10 thick-walled, one-seeded compartments separated at maturity by deep, fragile constrictions; its surface has 10–14 fine veins and becomes strongly grooved and ribbed when dry. Terminal beak 1–2 cm long.
Flowering and habitat
Phenology: December–May.
Habitat & elevation: Common weed of fields and gardens.
Distribution
Lebanese distribution: East of Saida, between Doukkan el Kasis and Khan Khalde, Beirut, north of Jounie, Tripoli, Antoura, Taanayel, Hasbani, Zahle and Sarada.
Syrian distribution: Lake Trane, Mejdel ech Chems, Damascus and Homs, as listed in Mouterde’s geographical scheme.
Recorded locations: Bqaatouta, Kfertay.
Native range: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Central European Russia, Corse, Cyprus, Czechia-Slovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Norway, NW. Balkan Pen., Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Türkiye-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.
Introduced into: Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Amur, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, British Columbia, Buryatiya, California, Cape Provinces, Caroline Is., Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Crozet Is., Cuba, Delaware, District of Columbia, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Free State, Galápagos, Georgia, Gilbert Is., Greenland, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Gulf States, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Irkutsk, Japan, Jawa, Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazan-retto, Kentucky, Kenya, Kerguelen, Khabarovsk, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Kuril Is., Kuwait, KwaZulu-Natal, Labrador, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Louisiana, Magadan, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Nepal, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, Nicobar Is., North Carolina, North Dakota, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oman, Ontario, Oregon, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Rwanda, Réunion, Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, Saudi Arabia, South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, Sri Lanka, St.Helena, Sudan-South Sudan, Sumatera, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Tristan da Cunha, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Uruguay, Utah, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Wake I., Washington, West Himalaya, West Virginia, Western Australia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutiya, Yemen, Zimbabwe.